2007年8月8日 星期三

The Unity Problem of Split-brain Cases

作者:簡芃
日期:2007/7/31

意識問題(the problem of consciousness)一直是科學家與哲學家公認的難解之謎之一。長久以來,腦傷(brain damage)案例被認為可能為人類打開一扇窗,讓我們有機會窺見意識之謎。其中一個被哲學家與科學家廣為研究及討論的案例便是「裂腦症(split-brain)」,裂腦症的研究延伸出許多討論,其中最根本的意識問題之一便是「意識經驗的整體性問題(the problem of the unity of consciousness)」。

在Dainton (2007)中,整理了解釋意識的整體性的理論。本文將透過探討這些理論是否能解釋裂腦症病人的整體性問題,來瞭解何為對意識經驗的整體性的最佳解釋。

裂腦症
裂腦症最早是在裂腦手術後的癲癇病人身上發現。裂腦手術將連結左、右大腦的胼肢體切斷;手術後,病人兩個半腦在皮質層(cortex)幾乎完全分離,且能各自產生不同內容的意識經驗,但病人主觀感覺上不認為同時產生兩個不同經驗,而是認為經驗是整合的(unified)。


關於裂腦症現象的研究,主要由認知神經科學家Gazzaniga進行。其中最著名的實驗如下:裂腦症病人的左、右視野分別觀看不同的圖片,病人只能報告出右視野(由左腦處理)的圖片為何,無法報告出左視野(由右腦處理)的圖片,甚至否認左視野有任何物體。但是,當實驗者要求裂腦症病人用左手(受右腦控制)去拿取左視野螢幕下方與左視野中圖片相同的物體時,病人在大多數的情況都能答對,且答對的機率大於猜測的機率。Gazzaniga對此現象的解釋是:經由要求受試者拿取左視野螢幕下方的物體,我們瞭解右腦的確「看見」左視野的圖片,但因為左、右半腦在皮質層幾乎完全分離,所以具有語言區的左腦無法知道右腦的資訊,才會報告左視野沒有出現任何物體。Gazzaniga因此推斷裂腦症病人的左、右半腦分別產生意識。


裂腦症的案例延伸出許多有趣的問題,例如:假設口頭報告不是最好的決定是否產生意識的標準,則何為產生意識經驗的判斷標準?是否半個大腦就足夠產生意識?裂腦症病人究竟只有一個意識,或是如同Gazzaniga所認為有兩個意識?在這些問題之中,最根本的問題是:如何解釋裂腦症病人的意識經驗的整體性(unity)?意識與整體性的關係為何?在裂腦症的案例中,左、右半腦雖然產生不同的經驗內容,但是對病人來說,他的經驗是整合的,而非同時有兩個不同的意識經驗。如何可能裂腦症的病人同時擁有兩種經驗,卻又覺得經驗是一整體的?究竟如何解釋裂腦症的意識經驗的整體性?

意識經驗的整體性理論如何解釋裂腦症?
在Dainton (2007)的討論中,七個理論中的the consubjectivity thesis及the co-instantiation thesis並沒有真正對意識經驗的整體性提出解釋,the higher-order thought unity thesis及the higher-order sense unity thesis分別會遇到沒有真正解釋意識層次的整體性(只解釋了信念(thought)層次的整體性)及無限後退的問題;因此,本文只針對另外三個理論the spatial unity thesis、the co-consciousness* thesis與the subsumptive unity thesis進行討論。

首先是the spatial unity thesis。The spatial unity thesis對unity的解釋是:由於意識經驗中不同的物體之間有其空間上的相對關係,且這些物體在同一phenomenal space中,所以經驗中的這些物體是整合的。在裂腦症的案例中,假設意識經驗的整體性如同the spatial unity thesis所言,是源自於所有意識經驗中的物體在同一phenomenal space中,如何可能左、右腦無法意識到對方的意識內容?或許the spatial unity thesis可能解釋裂腦症病人的左、右腦分別有各自的phenomenal space,所以無法意識到彼此的意識內容。但是,這樣的解釋便預設裂腦症病人有兩個意識經驗的整體性,與裂腦症病人的主觀經驗相違背。因此,在裂腦症的案例,the spatial unity thesis並非最好的解釋。

另外兩個理論分別是Barry Dainton所提出的the co-consciousness* thesis與哲學家David Chalmers的the subsumptive unity thesis。這兩個理論對於整體性的解釋分別是:the co-consciousness* thesis認為由於意識經驗中的組成同時被意識到,因此在主觀經驗上,這些組成是整合的;the subsumptive unity thesis則認為意識經驗的整體性來自於在一個時間點內的所有phenomenal states,都被一個phenomenal state (subsumptive phenomenal state)所包含在內。簡而言之,這兩個理論解釋整體性的差別在於the co-consciousness* thesis認為意識經驗的整體性是由意識經驗組成由下而上(bottom-up)所形成,the subsumptive unity thesis則認為意識經驗的整體性來自於包含其他phenomenal states的subsumptive phenomenal state由上而下(top-down)產生。

根據the co-consciousness* thesis,因為裂腦症病人的左、右腦分別意識各自的經驗內容,因此裂腦症病人的左、右腦應該分別有各自的整體性;但是,這和裂腦症病人的主觀經驗並不符合,裂腦症病人認為其經驗是整合的,而非左、右腦的經驗各自獨自。
根據the subsumptive unity thesis,裂腦症病人意識經驗的整體性來自於整合不同phenomenal states的subsumptive phenomenal state。由於phenomenal states和subsumptive phenomenal state都是有意識的,the subsumptive unity thesis可以解釋左、右腦皆產生各自的phenomenal states,所以各自產生意識經驗;但是因為左、右腦的phenomenal states被同一subsumptive state所包含,因此左、右腦的經驗是整合的。

綜合以上討論,the subsumptive theory最能解釋裂腦症病人的整體性問題。但是,要針對意識經驗的整體性問題提出最佳解釋,還需要更多的經驗證據。例如:the subsumptive theory尚未解釋subsumptive phenomenal state的神經生理證據為何、關於裂腦症病人經驗中的整體性的主觀報告也還不足夠,因為裂腦症病人雖然報告經驗是整合的,但是尚未有報告說明裂腦症病人的主觀經驗上,左、右腦不同且無法互相知道的經驗是如何整合的。

Reference:
1. M. Tye. (2007). Philosophical Problems of Consciousness. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. (2007). 21-35.
2. M. K. Colvin & M. S. Gazzaniga. (2007). Split-Brain Cases. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. (2007). 181-193.
3. B. Dainton. (2007). Coming Together: The Unity of Conscious Experience. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. (2007). 209-222.

75 Comments:

Joey said...

我覺得你這樣討論有點奇怪,因為在裂腦病人中,左右腦各自運作,而病人到底經驗到的是左右腦其中之一,還是左右腦整合在一起的意識,應該是有爭議的。但你下面的討論似乎預設這個整體性?

況且你下面的討論提到兩個腦有各自的整體性,兩者也是整合在一起的,我覺得這種說法似乎有些難以理解。
並且你在討論The spatial unity thesis時提到,若所有意識經驗中的物體在同一phenomenal space中,如何可能左、右腦無法意識到對方的意識內容?但若所有phenomenal states,都被一個phenomenal state 所包含在內,是不是也可以提出一樣的問題?

Terry Kuo said...

對於此篇中提到,David Chalmers提出的the subsumptive unity thesis最能解釋裂腦症病患的行為以及其報告的結果,我認為其中有一些問題,如果說接受左右腦產生的phenomenal states最後是由一個subsumptive state所包含,那麼代表還存在某一些區域能夠連結左右半腦的資訊,或是左右半腦本身還具有連結的功能,這樣一來與一開始提出,裂腦症病患左右腦的連結失去功能似乎互相違背。也許有人會提出,裂腦症患者的左右腦也許不是完全沒有連結,只是阻斷了一些特定的生理機制,所以還是能夠有一個subsumptive state來整合左右腦所產生的phenomenal states,但是照這種說法也不能排除the spatial unity thesis能夠順利解釋的可能,只是其整合的方式與the subsumptive unity thesis所持觀點不同,而且the subsumptive unity thesis,如同Joey的回覆,也不能避免下面這個問題:如果意識已經整合在一起的,為什麼會有報告者無法報告的情況,所以我覺得在此篇文章中對於the spatial unity thesis的批評在the subsumptive unity thesis也無法解釋,subsumptive unity thesis不能成為解釋裂腦症最適當的理論。

emmapchien said...

對Joey的回應:
關於第一個問題, 我在文章中對裂腦症病人之整體性的預設是根據病人的主觀經驗. 在現有的文獻中, 雖然透過實驗得知病人左右腦無法互相access彼此的資訊, 但是在主觀經驗上, 病人認為自己的經驗是unified的. 所以我才預設裂腦症病人經驗之單一整體性.

關於第二個問題, 可能的回答是左右腦分別從同一phenomenal space中提取(access)資訊, 因此產生2個access consciousness(這個說法與Tim Bayne和David Chalmers的理論相同). 另外, 你的下一個問題預設"一個phenomenal state能包含所有所有phenomenal states",這點如何可能? 是否預設了higher-oeder sense theory? 我不太了解這如何和你的討論有關聯.

emmapchien said...

對Terry Kuo的回應:
(1)你的回應是否預設了整合不同資訊的功能一定要透過彼此聯結的腦區?
(2)能否再說明如何可能the subsumptive unity thesis也無法避免對the spatial unity thesis的攻擊

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