2007年8月8日 星期三

What Is More Than Seeing?

Author: Jack Yang
Date: Aug 8/2007

假若現在我們要在心智地圖上找尋「我在這裡」的牌子,那麼我們將如何找到箭頭所指這個通往意識的地方?或是我們反過來思考:如果要有意識,大腦需要做些什麼?有些線索來自關於盲視(Blindsight)的研究,牛津大學的Lawrence Weiskrantz首次用實驗方法研究出盲視,在此篇文章中他對於盲視現象有些新的定義和探討,我也將對於本篇的論點簡述不同的看法。
  目前對於盲視的定義為V1受損的腦傷病患儘管聲稱沒有意識到損壞視野中(同常只有單邊視野受損)的刺激,卻可以對刺激作出反應。例如病患可以在盲視視野中移動物體,或是正確指出物體的位置等。其後心理學家在猴子身上找到了盲視現象的可能原因,在神經束通到V1皮質區的路徑上,約有1/5的神經束從視網膜離開後分支連接到中腦區域,而不是經過thalamus傳到主要視覺皮質區這條主要路徑。Weiskrantz應用動物研究到人類身上發現盲視病患不僅能偵測到物體的運動,他們可以區分顏色、線段方向、角度,甚至可以出現注意力實驗中的空間線索導引現象或是區分臉孔的情緒表現。
  但是也有心理學家對於盲視現象提出反駁,有人認為或許V1的損傷是不完整或是部份的,或是刺激的光打在完好的視野區域上導致病患能夠處理訊息,也有可能病患實際上看到但卻拒絕承認。對於此些論點,Weiskrantz認為控制刺激和背景成互補色的實驗方法可以避免刺激打再完好的視域,加上現今常用的腦造影技術定位刺激處理的腦區,這些反駁的論點將不再會有立足之地。在此Weiskrantz也將許多關於盲視實驗的病患分為兩類,一類是病患可以處理受損視野的刺激卻無法知覺到,定義為類型一的盲視;另一類是病患似乎能有所知覺到受損視野中的刺激,特別是這些刺激很快速變換的時候,Weiskrantz把他們定義為類型二的盲視。在fMRI的研究上也發現到兩類型盲視活動腦區的不同,類型一的盲視激發了中腦區域;而類型二的盲視激發的則是右前額葉。雖然有些人認為盲視屬於無意識的部分,但這些類型二的病患似乎已經顯現出通往意識之路的關鍵。所以Weiskrantz在最後也提到他認為病患在實驗中甚至有學習的效益,對於刺激的反應表現會越來越好。
  在我的看法裡,盲視和無意識的自動化反應間的差異,可以從大腦的活動上看出來,例如抓緊東西或是對於針有刺痛的反應,在無腦畸形兒(anencephaly)上也能觀察到,所以這一類反應不需要皮質的處理。但許多盲視病患的腦造影報告顯示,他們在看運動的物體時,雖然他們的V1沒有激發,但視覺皮質的V5區域會被激發,這表示盲視現象並不是完全沒有意識的,它輕觸到皮質,可能運用到一條很少會走的小路悄悄地把訊息傳送到皮質,產生了意識的第一層。
盲視可能是原始視覺系統的殘留部分,是演化上遺留的原始通道。在過去的歷程中視覺訊息都往皮質下去處理,就像現今我們在爬蟲類動物身上看到的一樣,牠們對於發生在視覺空間以外的訊息完全沒有反應,甚至只對於會動的物體有所反應,因為靜止的物體通常是不能食用的。但是隨著大腦皮質演化出來後,這些視覺訊息便漸漸被皮質搶去處理,因為皮質比舊的腦更能對視覺刺激作出有效的反應,逐漸地當皮質演化出更好的功能,視覺通路也帶來更多的訊息進入皮質,就刺激了更多灰質的成長。如此交互作用下造就今日的視覺皮質系統,舊有的皮質下系統雖然不斷的被新皮質取代,卻也仍保有一些的功能重複性,所以一但主要的皮質系統出現問題,平常不會發現的古老系統原本的運作也因此顯現出在盲視現象上。
  換句話說,盲視病患可以用皮質下的系統取代受損的V1,但是卻知覺不到產生的刺激,難道說V1即是視覺意識的所在?在此必須澄清,V1不僅對於其他視覺區域甚至是大腦其他皮質也有相當多的神經連結,或許V1是扮演一個中介者,將接受到的視覺刺激部分傳達給引發意識的腦區(如果真的有此區域)。或者V1是扮演領導者,將視覺訊息依次分配給其他視覺區域最後才引發意識,所以失去了V1的策劃功能,最後的訊息對於人類意識也不具有意義對於盲視現象,我們可以說V1的確在視覺意識上扮演關鍵性的腳色,至於Weiskrantz所提的類型二盲視病患似乎又更接近意識層面一步,或許將來我們能透過盲視現象的探討研究,獲取更多對於意識層面的了解。

Reference:
Weiskrantz L. - "The case of Blindsight" The blackwell companion to consciousness.
Gazzaniga M. (2004) - "The problem of consciousness" Cognitive neuroscience.

9 Comments:

darkbing said...

我有幾點想法關於你的文章:
1.
你提到利用大腦活動就可以區分是否有無意識,並且認為像是無腦症的病患與一些盲視病患相同是不具有意識的,所以皮質活動與否變成你判斷具有意識的條件。但這預設了意識必然發生在皮質,雖然現在主流許多主張這麼認為,但也有許多相反的證據。像是對於無腦症的情況,就有科學家提出他們是具有意識的。這個可以參考這篇文章:
Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine
By Bjorn Merker

2.
你說到盲視可能是演化上殘留的通道,我想這與Two visual pathway的理論有相同的觀點。Goodale MA,Milner AD.提出在演化上dorsal pathway先於ventral pathway,所以盲視可以對刺激做出反應。你更進一步提出,Ventral pathway可能也有更原始的基礎來解釋第二類的盲視病患,我覺�o可以找出對應的演化資訊來作討論。

3.
V1到底對於意識是否重要,是心理學一個常被討論的問題,去年台大心理系請來Frank Tong,他就是支持V1是意識的必要條件,提出了interactive model來解釋視覺意識,所認為這邊可以參考他的資料。

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